Stages of Development Estimates In Detail

Stages that need to be done to make estimates in detail are:
- Acquisition of contract documents: Contractors need to have a bidding contract documents 

- Review the documents and the circumstances of the project: The document that is necessary in the review to find out the date of supply, the requirements of equal opportunities for employment, the standard requirements, salaries, schedules, alternative, contracts, and others. General information about the project generally consists of a state project, field visits, internal conditions (resources), and external conditions (conditions that could affect the project). 

- Attending meetings explanation: Meeting the explanation is a good opportunity for contractors to ask for clarification on matters that are less jeas, or employment alternatives. 

-To determine when to make deals: The decision to make (or not) bid for the project is based on facts gathered by the estimator, risk analysis and whether the project sesuaidengan company's strategic plan. 

- Consideration of a bidding strategy: Techniques in use in bidding strategy may consist of better construction methods, knowledge of the needs of project owners, success in similar projects, and experience in building quality projects safely. 

- Request a price list of material suppliers and subcontractors: It is necessary to obtain accurate pricing of materials and subcontractors. 

- Building construction methods, planning and scheduling: Estimates should reflect the construction method given for each method has a level of productivity and equipment requirements are different. 

- Terms of guarantees, insurance and costs: Estimator should include the cost of insurance and guarantees in the bidding. Defined in the specification and type of insurance that guarantees the project owner desired. Estimator needs to add a power of attorney from the firm in charge of security offerings. 

- Prepare a review of the spec: Estimator need to do a review of the specification before examining the quantity of things to note:
      - Services provided by contractors such as field offices for architects and telephone providers.
      - List the name of a reliable supplier companies.
      - Terms of materials with a special performance.
      - Special construction requirements of the owner. 

- Prepare a review of the quantity: Estimator need to study the size and physical characteristics of the material, its impact on labor, and the type of equipment needed to use the selected material. 

- Review of the sort and quantity of material consistent: Estimator based on the position of greatest general sort of work so we get a general idea of ​​suatiu project, and need to be consistent in the review:
      - Numbers should be written in the same order.
      - Place a check mark to the inside of the image that has been explored.
      - Consistency of dimensions.
      - Avoid scale a picture 

- Units of measurement: in use to calculate the quantity, haris may indicate a correct assessment. 

- Measure calculation: calculation of the estimates should be accurate on basic mathematics. This includes algebra, geometry, trigonometry, conversion rate and the laws of mathematics.

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Cost Budgeting

Estimates of activity in construction projects carried out with a specific purpose depending on the party who made it. Party owner to make estimates in order to obtain clarity about the costs that must he made available to realize the project. The results of these estimates are referred to as OE (Owner Estimate) or EE (Engineer Estimate). The contractor to make estimates for the purpose of bidding against proyekn kegiatab construction.

The contractor will win the auction if the proposed approach offers OE / EE. The range is still acceptable to the owner will be discussed in a separate chapter, which is about the auction. In determining the offering price, the contractor must include other aspects in which if the later will affect the cost of the project.

steps taken to prepare the budget is as follows:
- To collect data about the type, price and market ability to provide the materials / construction material to continue

- Conduct data collection on the wages prevailing in the area of ​​the project site and Utau wages in general, if the workers brought in from outside the project site

- Perform calculations and analysis of materials by using the analysis of wages in both believed by the creator of the budget. In the market there is a book BOW (Burgelijke Openbare Werken).

- Perform the calculation of unit prices of work by utilizing the results of the analysis unit of work and list the quantity of work

- Create a recapitulation

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Defining Types of Work

Important in doing the separation of different types of activities, in order to sort through every job, so any kind of work can be given a "value" is right. Decision-making regarding the separation of the type of work is highly subjective. Estimator should always remember the principle: if the work is different then separate. Some things that can help the division of labor is as follows:

1. The type of material, labor productivity and the use of the equipment can be hold in the separation of work items. Example: the cost of materials and concrete block varies according to size. if the project requires more than one block size, the estimator should be separated by the block size for calculating the number and pricing.
2. The objective of the estimation results obtained estimator is accurate and practical. Estimation accuracy will grow with time allotted for the estimation.
3. For some materials, division of labor should be based on size due to the difference in cost for each measure.
4. The weather can affect the level of labor productivity. Schedule and some specific date could lead to differences in types of work during a particular season.
5. Equipment in use can affect the separation of the type of work because of differences in the estimated cost of each equipment. For example, the estimated job separation with the use of foundry cranes and pumps.
6. The schedule of work, the estimator can detect separation of employment.
7. There is a list of standard codes will help the cost estimator in determining the appropriate type of job segregation.
   

Another thing that would need to remember is the documentation of the estimation results. when the project began to run the search quantity should still be achieved. because of this reason the estimates need to be made with good, clear and easy to follow. Each type of work in the estimation should have deskripsidan location, where the description should be explicit and definitive; location should be a reference and image

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Estimated Detail In General

Preparation of Detailed Estimates

The main purpose of making a detailed estimate is for the procurement of a job or project and as a basis intuk evaluation and control of the project, carried out a comparison between "what happened" with "what should be happening". In this case to see the progress of a project will be compared between the cost had recently issued a budget plan that has been set. General contractor to estimate the details according to UCI format (Uniform Construction Index). Estimates for the general contractor organization is divided according to the 16 divisions.

Estimator required to make the system capable of accommodating the cost estimates for sub-contractors for all divisions so that all the items within the scope of work covered in the sub-contractor that the contractor bidding on projects aimed for the owner. UCI format is divided into 16 main events with code that has been given, namely:
                                              Uniform Construction Index

Stages in building a detailed estimate that is:
- Perform the calculation as the volume of material that will be used in project implementation
- Peroses assignment, which at this stage estimator to calculate the estimated cost of material, labor, subcontracting, equipment and other
- Stages of the recapitulation, a summary estimate of the order of work, serves to calculate the various overhead costs such as taxes, insurance and guarantees. This stage is a general description of the estimation

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Risk In The Estimation

An estimator should try to identify as many parts of the risk or uncertainty in the estimate. Some ways to identify risks in the project are:
1. Study all documents relating to the project, including the documents referenced in the contract documents
2. Conduct a review to the project site prior to bid
3. Create a construction schedule prior to bidding
4. Investigate the financial capability and business ethics of the project owner
5. Subcontractors and suppliers have the right
6. Meeting following the job description
7. Identifying the public reaction to project
8. Received assurance that the resources available for development projects
9. Make a list of only the real thing about the project
10. Creating a strategy to get the project
11. Identify and understand the clauses in the specification that provides an additional risk to the contractor
12. Identify government requirements
13. Identify environmental problems associated with the project
14. Reviewing the project site area weather patterns
15. Identifying the location of disposal
16. Review of soil investigation report on the project site
17. Review the project and construction methods
18. Analysis jobs in subkontraktorkan to ensure that all work has been covered.

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Sources Of Information To Estimate

The best source of information for cost estimation is the experience of the company. Information regarding the amount of material used, labor or the hours are worked, hours of equipment required to perform any work from past projects will be very useful.

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Types Of Estimates

Estimation can be divided into several types, namely:
- Estimation of Feasibility, to determine whether the project is feasible in the wake. Costs are taken into account in this estimate includes costs for land acquisition, design, depreciation, taxes, interest of capital, maintenance and annual repairs, and others.

- Conceptual Estimate, made ​​during the design process takes place, every place the revised estimate of precision or accuracy of the cost will increase according to the design phase.
Conceptual Estimate Types are:
1. Estimation of the Functional Unit Price, The use of the facility functions as the basis of costing
2. Estimated Unit Costs square meter, in which this method relies on data from similar projects ever built. This method has low accuracy.
3. Estimated Unit Costs cubic meters, can be used in the building where the volume is in need. This method is only reliable for the initial phase of planning and design.

4. Factorial estimation, is used on projects that have the same type. This method is very useful for projects that have the same main components. The main components of this cost will serve as the basic factor of 1.00 and the price of all other components is a function of the main components.
5. Systematically estimate, the Project is divided into functional systems and the unit price is determined from the sum of the unit price of each element in any system or transfer by a factor of existing data.

 

- Estimation Details, generally performed by a general contractor. The first step is to make Quantity Take Off is based on the working drawings and specifications da uniting material costs, labor, equipment, sub-contractors, and other costs such as overhead and profit.

- Estimation of sub-contractor system, used in the construction of a special sub-contracted

- Estimated Work Less added, where the work may not add due to owner's requirements, errors in the contract documents, or changes to the project site conditions

- Estimation of Progress, the aim being: as the basis of payment requests; as a comparison to the gains, and losses that had previously predicted.

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Estimator

Someone who is specialized in the manufacture of the project budget called Estimator. An estimator is not only able to quantify over all presented in the working drawings and specifications, but also be able to anticipate all construction activities that will occur. Working drawings and specifications may not reflect the method of construction and the whole process needed to complete the project, but only states the eventual outcome of the construction process. Before making a decision, an estimator should perform an analysis of all factors related to the project.

Qualifications of an estimator is determined by its ability, in which the estimator should be able to read or menginterpretasikangambar and specifications, able to visualize three-dimensional shape of the project design drawings, understand these things about labor productivity and equipment performance, creative and able to seek alternative methods of construction, has an kemapuan communicate a good, patient and meticulous in performing the work, have knowledge of basic mathematics, having knowledge of field operations and procedures, is able to identify and neutralize risks, can be well organized, capable of delivering estimates in a logical and clear, able to make or assist the construction schedule, understand and be able to use the company's job cost system, understand the contractual relationship, was able to build a successful strategy in the auction and negotiation phase of the project, able to cope with deadlines, and have a high code of ethics.

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Estimation and Estimator

Estimation is one of the main processes in the construction project to answer the question, "how much money should be provided for a building?" it is necessary for an investor want to make investment decisions. Unlike the service providers, estimates of activity required to get a job through an auction process.

Level of accuracy the cost of a building is determined by various factors that can comes from within and from outside the project. Various factors that come from within, among others:
1. Level of complexity of building
2 . the project site
3 . Availability of tools
4 . Systems within the company
5 . The analysis used.
While use within a factor derived from outside the project include:
1. economic factors
2 . public safety
3 . government policy
4 . social factors
5 . political

 

Activity estimation is the basis for making the system of financing and construction schedule and a "forecasting events" at each event.

Estimation is done by first studying the plan drawings and specifications. Based on the images to plan material requirements in mind, both the type and quantity that will be used. calculation needs the type and quantity of material that must be determined price. While the specification dapata used as a basis for determining the quality or the quality of each type of material.

 

In doing estimation, an estimator must thoroughly understand the construction process, including the type and the need for tools as these factors may affect construction costs. Differences in construction methods affect the budget planner. Party that controls a variety of construction methods and be able to choose and decide to use appropriate methods to realize the project will be able to create an efficient budget plan. Many things that contribute to the budget plan is the productivity of labor, material availability, equipment availability, weather, type of contract, the issue of quality, ethics, control systems, and management capabilities

 

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